ultrasonic equipment was used as shown in principle in Fig. 1. A piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer transforms a sinusoidal electrical voltage into mechanical longitudinal resonance vibration, where the resonance frequency of the equipment is 20 kHz. The equipment is mounted using a booster horn, which serves additionally to increase the vibration amplitude. The ultrasonic probe is inserted in a liquid suspension. The booster horn and ultrasonic probe are manufactured using the commercially frequently used titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The ultrasonic probe used had a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 12.7 mm.

The equipment allows experiments at different ultrasonic power. The power setting is reproducible within approx 2% in different experiments. However, the ultrasonic power displayed as a percentage of the maximum power was used as a parameter only.

Description:

Ultrasound is a very effective processing method in the generation and application of nano-size materials. In general, ultrasonic cavitation in liquids may cause fast and complete degassing: initiate various chemical reactions by generating free chemical ions (radicals); accelerate chemical reactions by facilitating the mixing of reactants; enhance polymerization and depolymerization

reactions by temporarily dispersing aggregates or by permanently breaking chemical bonds in polymeric chains; increase emulsification rates; improve diffusion rates; produce highly concentrated emulsions or uniform dispersions of micron-size or nano-size materials; assist the extraction of substances such as enzymes from animal, plant, yeast, or bacterial cells; remove viruses from infected tissue; and finally, erode and break down susceptible particles, including micro-organisms . Ultrasound can be tested in lab and bench-top scale before the results are scaled up to the commercial level.

Parameter:

Application:

Typical applications of ultrasonic sonochemistry include ultrasonic homogenization, phacoemulsification, ultrasonic dispersion, depolymerization and wet grinding (particle size reduction), cell disruption and disintegration, extraction, degassing, and sonochemical processes;

Ultrasonic dispersion does not require the use of emulsifiers. In many cases, the diameter of the dispersed particles can reach 1μm or less. It can be carried out between solid, liquid, and gas phases of the same substance, or between different solids, liquids and gases. It has been widely used in food sample detection and analysis, preparation of nanomaterials, etc.

Such like :

● Paint, titanium oxide, iron oxide, carbon, etc. are dispersed in water or solvent.

● Graphene micronization

● Dispersion of fluorescent materials

● Dispersion of photosensitive materials

● Dispersion of dyes in molten paraffin

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